America 250 - Detroit During the Revolutionary War

I've written on my birth city of Detroit multiple times.  What makes today's post different is I am focusing on Detroit during the Revolutionary War years.  Another Semiquincentennial commemoration~~~ 

~Hello Detroit!~
The  "Hollywood-style"  Detroit sign was installed along eastbound I-94 back in April 2024.
Though I know there are those who don't really care for it,  I still love the Detroit letter sign  ("Detroit Gateway Sign")  and I give a great big smile everytime I see it.

~~ . ~~

And before we get into the  "guts"  of this post,  a little background here on how Detroit celebrated the Revolutionary War and our Nation's 200th birthday back in 1976:

The Sunday Detroit News. 

It's the full paper,  so as I glanced through it, 

I took only a few snaps of the many articles packed inside:

The date - - so cool!

A look at how our President at the time celebrated.

An interesting article on the veterans of  '76!

If you recall,  I wrote a posting about this HERE

And here is a bit of a different take:

this shows how many radio stations were celebrating that day.

Now these were not the local top 40 or rock stations,  but,  rather,

the local news and information stations.

But,  in case you are interested, 

these are the US Top 10 singles for the week ending July 3rd/4th,  1976:

1  SILLY LOVE SONGS –•– Wings  (5 weeks at #1)

2  AFTERNOON DELIGHT –•– The Starland Vocal Band 

3  MISTY BLUE –•– Dorothy Moore 

4  SARA SMILE –•– Daryl Hall and John Oates 

5  SHOP AROUND –•– The Captain and Tennille 

6  MORE,  MORE,  MORE  (Part 1) –•– The Andrea True Connection 

7  GET UP AND BOOGIE  (That’s Right) –•– Silver Convention 

8  I’LL BE GOOD TO YOU –•– The Brothers Johnson 

9  KISS AND SAY GOODBYE –•– The Manhattans 

10  LOVE IS ALIVE –•– Gary Wright

And what albums were in the top ten? 

Here they are,  based on Billboard's weekly data for early July 1976:

1. Wings at the Speed of Sound – Wings

2. Frampton Comes Alive! – Peter Frampton

3. Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) – Eagles

4. Dreamboat Annie – Heart

5. A Night at the Opera – Queen

6. Misty Blue – Dorothy Moore (based on top songs of the week)

7. Run with the Pack – Bad Company

8. Presence – Led Zeppelin

9. Desire – Bob Dylan

10. Saddle Tramp – Charlie Daniels Band 

"Crowley's Department Store was one of Detroit's Big Three of downtown retailers and Hudson’s fiercest rival in the department store business.  Generations of Detroiters glided down its famous wooden escalator and suited themselves in the latest fashions."

And then---------

I found this to be very interesting.

Yes,  Detroit was settled already in 1776  (founded in 1701)  but had not played a major role in the Revolution.   However,  as you shall soon read,  some very interesting occurences took place.

~~ . ~~

Fort Detroit,  originally Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit,  was a square structure with a palisade   (wooden stakes fixed in the ground,  forming an enclosure.  Kind of a heavy-duty type of fence or defensive wall)  with corner bastions  ("a projecting part of a fortification built at an angle to the line of a wall,  so as to allow defensive fire in several directions").  It housed a garrison,  fur traders,  and warehouses for provisions within its 25-foot tall log palisade walls.  The fort was located along the Detroit River at the gateway between Lake Erie and the three largest Great Lakes. 

This illustration by John Gelsavage depicts the fort in the 1700s.

Courtesy of Detroit Historical Society

Detroit was not directly involved in the American Revolution;  a fort,  it was a strategic stronghold for the British in North America,  housing American prisoners of war.  It also served,  as it had the French a generation earlier,  as an important staging area for Indian raiding parties.  Although the Indians had risen in revolt against the British in 1763,  a decade later they understood that an independent thirteen colonies disposed to aggressively settle western lands was far more of a threat to them.  Indeed,  the British government since 1763 had made significant efforts to limit white settlement and mollify tribal sentiment.

Henry Hamilton
"the hair buyer"~

During the war colonists felt particular animosity toward the British command at Detroit because of the activities of Henry Hamilton,  the city's lieutenant governor and military commander.  Hamilton not only supplied arms and ammunition for Indian raiding parties but also agreed to pay a bounty for scalps.  Kentuckians,  who were the particular victims of this policy,  labeled him  "the hair buyer"  and loathed him.  It seems to have mattered little that Hamilton did not actively encourage scalping,  and was in fact following orders from his commanders.  Other British officers in the region also implemented the same policy,  but Kentuckians characterized Hamilton as a war criminal.  George Rogers Clark,  a Kentucky militia officer,  eventually persuaded the Americans to undertake a daring plan to put an end to Hamilton's raiding parties by capturing various British outposts in the West.  After Clark won several initial victories,  Hamilton personally led an expedition from Detroit to stop the upstart Kentuckian.  The British expedition failed,  and in 1779 Clark captured Hamilton at Vincennes.  Hamilton spent the rest of the war as a prisoner in Williamsburg,  Virginia  (now known as Colonial Williamsburg),  while Clark's victory created a new military situation in the West.   According to Hamilton's own account,  a-waiting him in Williamsburg was  "a considerable Mob  (that had)  gather'd about us."   The governor of Williamsburg,  Patrick Henry  (yes,  the  'give me liberty or give me death'   Patrick Henry!)  ordered that Hamilton be shackled in the gaol  (jail).

As a result of Hamilton's defeat,  several of the Indian tribes'  loyalty to the British wavered.  The Odawa and Ojibwe announced their neutrality in the war.  The Wyandot,  camped near Detroit,  announced that they planned to seek a peace treaty with the Americans.  The British garrison in Detroit,  worried over losing their Indian allies and fearing attack by Clark,  decided to abandon the old French fort.  They built a new fortress on a hill located behind the town which they believed gave them superior military advantage.  The new bastion was named Fort Lernoult,  after Captain Richard Lernoult,  who had succeeded Hamilton as commander in Detroit.  It was designed to withstand an attack by an enemy equipped with cannon,  a concern that Cadillac,  who saw the fort's primary responsibility as resisting Indian warriors,  had not taken into consideration when he placed the original fort along the river.

In October of 1779,  Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster assumed command of Fort Detroit,  after Lernoult was sent to Niagra.  de Peyster continued the practice of sending raiding parties into Kentucky.  He and his wife took an active part in the social life of Detroit during their stay.  In dealing with the Indians,  he expressed his displeasure at their tactics and urged them to bring in more prisoners and less scalps.  During the coarse of the war,  over 500 prisoners,  including Daniel Boone,  were held at Detroit.
With the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown,  Virginia,  on October 19,  1781,  fighting on the east coast came to a halt.  The war in the west continued,  with skirmishes occurring throughout the Ohio Valley,  while peace talks were held in Paris. 
(The above italicized print came from David Lee Poremba's book called  "Detroit: A Motor City History,"  a fascinating and easy read that doesn't become over-wrought with minute political details to drag it down.  I highly recommend it for the reader who would rather choose something a bit lighter rather than a more deeper serious tome.)

Daniel Boone

Painted from life in 1820 

by Chester Harding

But we can speak a bit about Daniel Boone and his coming to Detroit during the Revolutionary War.  

At the time the war broke out,  Boone was living in Boonesborough,  a town he’d founded in Kentucky west of the Appalachian Mountains.  Relations between the white settlers and the Shawnee who lived in the area were tense,  with frequent skirmishes breaking out between the two.

When the American Revolution began, the Shawnee weren’t sympathetic to the settlers’ cause.  In 1778,  Boonesborough,  Kentucky,  lay under constant attack from Indian allies of the British.  Boone,  a captain in the local militia,  led the defense.  

On Feb. 7,  1778,  Shawnee warriors came across Boone and about 30 of his men,  who were away from their settlement to gather salt and food.  Boone quickly determined that he and his men would lose a fight against the Shawnee,  and he ordered his men to surrender as prisoners of war.

Daniel Boone was a prisoner in Detroit for a short period,  specifically from March 30th to April 10th.  The men were put into the hands of Governor Hamilton,  who,  to his credit,  treated them with kindness.  Boone himself declared that he was,  “treated by Governor Hamilton,  the British commander at that post,  with great humanity.”  Boone did not forget this kindness and afterwards,  when Hamilton was an execrated prisoner in the hands of the Americans,  Boone befriended him to the best of his ability.

The men who had been brought to Detroit in company with their captain were readily ransomed by the British,  but the Indians declined to dispose of Boone in the same manner.  The Governor offered one hundred pounds sterling—an extraordinary sum—for his release,  intending to liberate him on parole.  The offer must have been an extremely tempting one,  but the Shawnees resolutely refused it.  Boone had created a deep impression on their chiefs,  and it had been determined,  although the fact was not then announced,  to adopt him into the tribe.
Some of the officers at Detroit pressed gifts of money and various useful articles upon Boone,  but he declined them all,  saying that so far as he could foresee,  the opportunity to repay their proffered kindness would never occur and he could not allow himself to lie under a perpetual obligation to them.  Their good wishes he thankfully acknowledged,  and left them with feelings of respect and admiration for him.  In fact,  some of Boone’s men said that they heard Boone talking with Hamilton and believed he’d taken a loyalty oath to the British.
After this brief stay,  his captors took him to Ohio,  where he later escaped.  It was early in April that the Shawnees turned homeward with the prisoner upon whom they set so high a value.  Their satisfaction in the possession of him prompted them to guard him with the utmost care,  but he soon discovered that he had risen in their estimation and regard since the visit to Detroit.

Two make a long story short,  after a total of four months in captivity,  in June 1778,  when Boone learned the British and Shawnee were about to attack Boonesborough again,  he fled - escaped - and raced home.  However,  another man who had been captured along with Boone got there before him,  and told the settlers that he believed Boone had turned traitor against the American cause.  Boone was later brought up on charges of treason because some settlers believed Boone didn’t put up enough resistance against the Shawnee and the British.  Though he was found not guilty,  Daniel Boone was humiliated by the experience and rarely spoke of it.

Trading with the Adawa~

At the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783,  Detroit was part of the territory ceded to the United States by Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris.  However,  the British maintained a military presence and control of Fort Detroit for another 13 years,  until 1796,  for it was the Jay Treaty of 1795,  negotiated between the US and Britain,  that finally resolved the issue of British occupation of Fort Detroit. 

With the war ended,  more settlers and farmers began entering the frontier.  

It's also in David LeePoremba's book that I have found some contemporary descriptions of the citizens of Detroit as well as the surrounding land in an official report written by Captain Henry Hamilton on September 2,  1776,  that is most likely apt to be the same after the war.  Here are a few snippets from that letter: 
"The new settlers manage their farms to the last advantage."
"The river is plentifully stocked with fish."
"Hunting and fowling afford food to numbers who are nearly as lazy as the savage."
"The soil is so good that the most ignorant farmers raise good crops."
"There is no limit to the number of traders here."

And the group of citizens who made up this growing village were,  as Joseph Moore,  a Quaker visitor from Philadelphia,  quite diverse,  as seen in his remarks from 1793,  "The inhabitants of the town are as great a mixture,  I think,  as ever I knew in any one place.  English,  Scotts,  Irish,  Dutch  (German),  French,  Americans from different states,  with black and yellow,  and seldom clear of Indians of different tribes in the daytime."

As Poremba writes:  The town continued to be a center for commercial activity as the fur trade was still prospering.  Detroit was well supplied with taverns and stores where travelers could lodge,  quench their thirst,  and trade their goods.

There were coopers,  blacksmiths,  and,  as mentioned,  storekeepers and tavern keepers. 

Taverns were the pulse of 18th century urban life,  and their importance to the local community cannot be overstated.  The main difference from today to an 18th century tavern is that the colonial taverns were also usually a stage coach stop for travelers;  a patron could spend the night and eat breakfast,  dinner,  and supper,  should the need arise.  Taverns were also the main source of information for the locals.

Alice Morse Earle wrote in her 1901 book,  Stage Coach and Tavern Days:  "Though today somewhat shadowed by a formless reputation of being frequently applied to hostelries of vulgar resort and coarse fare & ways,  the word  "tavern"  is neverless a good one..."

These  "publick houses"  (or  'ordinaries,'  as they were also known)  have played an important part in social,  political,  and even military life,  though we see them taking more of a back seat in their role in our Nation's history.

Detroit's first known taverns appeared right around 1760. 

Typically,  a large house known by sign and reputation was opened to the public by its owner,  who,  as mentioned,  offered food,  drink,  and lodging for a fee.  The owner's family usually lived on the premises and worked the business.  The fact that taverns do not appear in the records until,  nearer the end of the 18th century,  should not lead to the assumption that Detroit did not have these  'publick houses.'  Detroit founder Antoine Cadillac summoned a brewer from Montreal soon after his arrival in 1701,  and wines were an important part of every cargo arriving on the frontier. 

But it was William Forsyth's tavern,  which opened in 1771,  that was the first on record.  It was located approximately at the southwest corner of today's Jefferson Avenue and Washington Boulevard.

No,  this is not William Forsth's tavern.  Nor is it a replication,  for there are no images of any kind of that very first known  'publick house'  in Detroit.  However,  we are inside a building - the only original-to-Michigan 18th century structure that still stands in the lower Peninsula.  And to give it som realism,  you'll note the men being served are of the military persuasion.

Detroit and Michigan played a large role in the forming of the United States.  We were a part of the French & Indian War,  the Revolutionary War,  and the War of 1812 - see links toward the bottom of this post.

It's here - America's 250th is finally here - and I've been looking forward to the commemorations and celebrations for quite a long time. 

Until next time,  see you in time.

Here is the Detroit sign all lit up on I-94 as we headed home late one evening from Greenfield Village - I absolutely LOVE this sign!
 Yes,  it's that same Detroit sign at the top of this post at night...all lit up.
Good night...

Much of the Daniel Boone information came directly - word for word - from THIS site.

For links to other posts that you may enjoy in connection with this one:
Colonial Michigan:  Mackinac,  Detroit,  and Monroe - There Are Stories to Tell  (click HERE)

The local War of 1812 - HERE

Colonial Detroit and the French & Indian War - HERE

  

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Contemporary Popular Songs...With Ancient Lyrics

What I'm writing about for this post goes way beyond old songs~

These are not just old songs...they are very old songs made anew---and became popular again in our modern times.

~   ~   ~

I love music.  Music has been a major part of my life as long as I can remember.  My older siblings have told me I could  "sing"  the hit songs of the day early on before I could even properly talk  ("Venus in Blue Jeans" - Jimmy Clanton).  And even my life has a soundtrack...that is,  when someone brings up the past - my past - there is always music to go with it.  Oh,  it may oftentimes be in my head,  but it's there.

Being such a music fan,  I also have numerous books on the subject,  mostly centered on 20th century music.

Here and there I began to read snippets about some of my favorite songs,  which gave me the realization that people like Paul McCartney,  Robert Plant,  Paul Simon,  and others were actually quite brilliant in their musical works - more brilliant than I realized.  This gave me a bit of a knock in the head upon listening to some of the more  "modern music:"

To think that a song from the 1500s - Golden Slumbers  (as performed by The Beatles)  - is still being sung today…how cool!   Led Zeppelin’s Gallows Pole is another song with an ancient history,  and so is Simon & Garfunkel’s Parsley Sage Rosemary and Thyme/Scarborough Fair.

And a few others...you just might be surprised!

Most people today are unaware of the age of some of these well-known tunes.

As was I...

Golden Slumbers - The Beatles

A great song part of the collection of tunes on side 2 of the Abbey Road album by The Beatles.

The song’s lyrics were taken from a ballad by the Elizabethan poet and dramatist Thomas Dekker  (1570-1632),  originally known as  "The Cradle Song"  from 1603.  Paul McCartney saw the sheet music on the piano at his father’s home in Heswall on the Wirral.  The kicker is,  Paul could not read sheet music.  So he made up his own melody to go with the words.

Here are the original lyrics to  "The Cradle Song":

Golden slumbers kiss your eyes,

Smiles awake you when you rise.

Sleep,  pretty wantons;  do not cry,

And I will sing a lullaby:

Rock them,  rock them,  lullaby.

(A wanton is an unruly child)~

~Dekker-McCartney~
According to the page I nicked the McCartney photo from,  this was taken the same day he recorded Golden Slumbers.

Paul McCartney - "I was playing the piano in Liverpool in my dad’s house,  and my stepsister Ruth’s piano book was up on the stand.  I was flicking through it and I came to  ‘Golden Slumbers’.  I can’t read music and I couldn’t remember the old tune,  so I just started playing my own tune to it.  I liked the words so I kept them,  and it fitted with another bit of song I had.

I didn't know at the time it was four hundred years old."

On the Abby Road album,  Golden Slumbers is credited to Lennon–McCartney,  though it's mainly Paul McCartney.  The song needn't give writing credit to Thomas Dekker because the original poem it is based on is in the public domain. 

So this is McCartney's version:

Golden slumbers fill your eyes

Smiles awake you when you rise

Sleep,  pretty darling,  do not cry

And I will sing a lullaby

Since its release on the Abby Road album in 1969,  these words written over 400 years ago are now still sung nearly every day.  I'm sure Thomas Dekker would be quite surprised  (and hopefully pleased)  that this simple little tune he wrote with  (most likely)  a quill pen would still be sung and most well known.

Next up~~~~~~~:

The Byrds

Turn Turn Turn - The Byrds

The lyrics are taken almost verbatim from the book of Ecclesiastes,  as found in the King James Version of the Bible---(Ecclesiastes 3:1-8)---though the sequence of the words were rearranged for the song. Ecclesiastes is traditionally ascribed to King Solomon,  who would have written it in the 10th century BC.

This is the text and a scan of the actual,  original,  first printing of the 1611 King James Version for Ecclesiastes Chapter 3.   The King James Version does not get more original or authentic than this.

From the modern King James bible we have:

To every thing there is a season,  and a time to every purpose under the heaven:

A time to be born,  and a time to die;  a time to plant,  and a time to pluck up that which is planted;

A time to kill,  and a time to heal;  a time to break down,  and a time to build up;

A time to weep,  and a time to laugh;  a time to mourn,  and a time to dance;

A time to cast away stones,  and a time to gather stones together;

A time to embrace,  and a time to refrain from embracing;

A time to get,  and a time to lose;  a time to keep,  and a time to cast away;

A time to rend,  and a time to sew;  a time to keep silence,  and a time to speak;

A time to love,  and a time to hate;  a time of war,  and a time of peace.

Pete Seger

So,  folk artist,  Pete Seeger,  rewrote these biblical words and turned them into a song in 1959.

The Limelighters were the first group to record and release the song in 1962 under the title  "To Everything There Is a Season".  The Byrds did their version in 1965,  and this is the one most are familiar with.

And here are the lyrics in the way The Byrds recorded it back in 1965:

To everything,  turn,  turn,  turn

There is a season,  turn,  turn,  turn

And a time to every purpose under heaven

A time to be born,  a time to die

A time to plant,  a time to reap

A time to kill,  a time to heal

A time to laugh,  a time to weep

To everything,  turn,  turn,  turn

There is a season,  turn,  turn,  turn

And a time to every purpose,  under heaven

A time to build up,  a time to break down

A time to dance,  a time to mourn

A time to cast away stones

A time to gather stones together

To everything,  turn,  turn,  turn

There is a season,  turn,  turn,  turn

And a time to every purpose under heaven

A time of love,  a time of hate

A time of war,  a time of peace

A time you may embrace

A time to refrain from embracing

To everything,  turn,  turn,  turn

There is a season,  turn,  turn,  turn

And a time to every purpose under heaven

A time to gain,  a time to lose

A time to rend,  a time to sew

A time for love,  a time for hate

A time for peace,  I swear it's not too late

Then,  in 1966,  when first recorded and released,  then 1968 when released as a single - - - - 

Scarborough Fair/Parsley Sage Rosemary and Thyme

"Scarborough Fair"  is a traditional English folk song from the Middle Ages,  referring to an old fair in Scarborough,  Yorkshire.  It is a market fair,  comprising of traders,  merchants,  and other vendors that started sometime in the 14th century and continued until the 18th century.

The tune has been around in some form or another throughout that time,  and over that time numerous changes had been made,  in its melody and lyically.

To hear what this very old song may have sounded like through time - through the centuries - please click the link below:

The True Story of “Scarborough Fair” | 30 historic recordings and 400 years of untold history

Simon & Garfunkel's version reached number 11 on the national Billboard Hot 100 listing in 1968.

It's their version of this song that they made into a canticle,  where one singer sings the main verse,  while the other sings another,  interwoven in the main verse,  in counterpoint  (if that makes sense).  It is a medieval form of polyphony  (polyphony,  according to definition,  is a musical texture with two or more independent,  simultaneous melodic lines).

Got that?
Whew!  

As far as this particular song as performed by Simon & Garfunkel goes,  well,  I have it written out below to where the main original verse is sung in normal text,  side verse  (canticle)  I have in italics and brackets.  The side verse lyrics are from their own song  “The Side of a Hill”,  an anti-war song Paul Simon wrote,  though he reworked the lyrics for  "Scarborough Fair":

Are you going to Scarborough Fair?

Parsley,  sage,  rosemary,  and thyme

Remember me to one who lives there

She once was a true love of mine

Tell her to make me a cambric shirt

(On the side of a hill,  in the deep forest green)

Parsley,  sage,  rosemary,  and thyme

(Tracing of sparrow on snow-crested ground)

Without no seams nor needle work

(Blankets and bedclothes the child of the mountain)

Then she'll be a true love of mine

(Sleeps unaware of the clarion call)

Tell her to find me an acre of land

(On the side of a hill,  a sprinkling of leaves)

Parsley,  sage,  rosemary,  and thyme

(Washes the grave with silvery tears)

Between the salt water and the sea strands

(A soldier cleans and polishes a gun)

Then she'll be a true love of mine

Tell her to reap it with a sickle of leather

(War bellows blazing in scarlet battalions)

Parsley,  sage,  rosemary,  and thyme

(Generals order their soldiers to kill)

And gather it all in a bunch of heather

(And to fight for a cause they've long ago forgotten)

Then she'll be a true love of mine

Are you going to Scarborough Fair?

Parsley,  sage,  rosemary,  and thyme

Remember me to one who lives there

She once was a true love of mine  

(Songwriters:  Arthur Garfunkel / Paul Simon.  Like McCartney's Golden Slumbers,  the original is in the public domain).  Only a distinct arrangement,  such as Martin Carthy's,  can be copywrited.

The original 1966 Simon & Garfunkel album
that included Scarborough Fair.  The song was featured in the
movie The Graduate in 1968,  and that brought out the immense
popularity of the tune.

Now,  how about the song's history?

According to various sites I visited on line,  English folk singer Martin Carthy arranged it in the form in which it is best known today.  Carthy was not the first person to sing  “Scarborough Fair,”  not by a long shot,  due to the age of the tune.  But Paul Simon heard Carthy's version and,  well,  nicked it for he and his singing partner,  Art Garfunkel.  Martin Carthy was not pleased and held a decades long grudge against Simon.  

"It turned out that Carthy's own publisher had,  without his knowledge,  copyrighted his arrangement and had been receiving royalties from Simon all along  (Carthy had somehow managed to sign away his own claim in the small print of a contract).  Carthy and Simon,  reconciled,  joined forces to sing the song in London in 1998, closing that circle."

I believe Carthy and Simon & Garfunkel had created the definitive and most likely final version of this ancient tune.

Here it is:

Wow---just beautiful...

Gallows Pole - Led Zeppelin

A distinct artist's rendition
for a distinct verion. 

Of all the tunes Led Zeppelin have recorded on their eight studio albums,  "Gallows Pole"  has always remained at or near the top of the list for me.  Even back in the day  (the 70s),  this song just  "did something"  for me.

Led Zeppelin 1970

And it was in the early 2000s when I found out that it is actually a centuries old English folk song;  "The Maid Freed from the Gallows"  is one of its many early titles about a condemned maiden pleading for someone to buy her freedom from the executioner.

There are many recorded versions,  dating back to the 1930s,  all of which recount a similar story:  a maiden or a man is about to be hanged  (for unknown reasons)  pleads with the hangman,  or judge,  to wait for the arrival of someone who may bribe him.  Typically,  the first person  (or people)  to arrive,  who may include the condemned person's parent or sibling,  has brought nothing and often has come to see them hanged.  The last person to arrive,  often their true love,  has brought the gold,  silver,  or some other valuable to save them.

Believe it or not,  Zeppelin kept it as traditional as a modern rock band could,  in style and  (mostly)  in lyrics  (though Zeppelin's ending is a bit different,  the snarky lads they are).

This song has always been one of my very favorites,  from my first time hearing it.  A hint of my love of the old old folk songs of long past,  even in my youth.

A very early version - definitely pre-Led Zeppelin

As for what Robert Plant sang on Led Zeppelin's third album  (for comparison):

Hangman,  hangman,  hold it a little while

I think I see my friends comin',  ridin'  many a mile

Friends,  you get some silver?

Did you get a little gold?

What did you bring me,  my dear friends

To keep me from the gallows pole?

I couldn't get no silver

I couldn't get no gold

You know that we're too damn poor

To keep you from the gallows pole

Over The Hills and Far Away

The phrase  "Over the Hills and Far Away"  refers to two distinct entities:  a traditional English folk song dating back to the 18th century and a Led Zeppelin song released in 1973.  While both share the same title,  their musical styles and contexts are vastly different.  The 18th-century version is a folk tune,  whereas Led Zeppelin's rendition is a hard rock composition with elements of folk and acoustic textures.  In essence,  Led Zeppelin's  "Over the Hills and Far Away"  is a rock adaptation of a traditional folk tune,  taking inspiration from the title and some of its pastoral themes,  but translating it into their own unique hard rock sound.  Hence,  the reason why it is included.

I am also including a version of the folk tune done very near to its original 18th century style:

And,  yet,  here's still another more contemporary tune with ancient lyrics:

Traffic - - 

John Barleycorn Must Die - Traffic

This song as performed by the group,  Traffic,  is another with ancient roots.

"John Barleycorn is an English and Scottish folk song.  The song's protagonist is John Barleycorn,  a personification of barley and of the beer made from it.  In the song,  he suffers indignities,  attacks,  and death that correspond to the various stages of barley cultivation,  such as reaping and malting.

The song may have its origins in ancient English or Scottish folklore,  with written evidence of the song dating it at least as far back as the Elizabethan era  (Queen Elizabeth - 1500s)."

Many versions of the song have been recorded,  including popular versions by the rock groups Traffic  (appearing on their 1970 album John Barleycorn Must Die)  and Jethro Tull  (appearing first on their 1992 album A Little Light Music). 

Similar to many old British Isles songs,  folk artists have recorded it through the years.  But Traffic was the most popularized of these artists and brought it to the masses.  And they turned it into somewhat a progressive psychedelic tune to boot.

Amazing Grace is not an ancient tune,  as when compared to the other songs here,  but it is still over 250 years old and is probably the most familiar hymn in the world.

John Newton  (1725-1807)  was a sea captain involved in the slave trade who experienced a profound spiritual conversion after surviving a violent storm at sea,  which he attributed to God's grace.  Newton penned the lyrics in 1772,  describing his own transformation from a  "wretch"  to a saved soul.

This would be beautiful framed.

An original 18th century print
of Amazing Grace.

The hymn gained immense popularity in the U.S.  during early 19th-century religious revivals,  offered as a powerful message of hope.  It was composer,  William Walker,  who set it to the familiar,  folk-like melody in 1835,  solidifying its place in American tradition.

Judy Collins' 1970 recording of  "Amazing Grace"  was a major charted single,  becoming a surprise pop hit that reached #15 on the U.S.  Billboard Hot 100 and #5 in the UK,  and had a very long chart run,  especially in the UK.  It was notable for being an a cappella version of the hymn,  which made its chart success even more unusual. 

Can you imagine such a song that is so religious and Christian in content,  being played on the radio today?

I mean,  I remember when this was all over the radio back in 1970.  It's still my favorite version.

This last bit somewhat fits.  Kinda fun,  too.

Paperback Writer - The Beatles  (written mainly by Paul McCartney)  from 1966.

Beginning with the third verse,  as depicted below,  and including the 4th,  John and George sing background.  Until recently,  I had no idea what the two were singing.  I thought they were simply harmonizing sounds to fit in.  Then I learned they were singing a French nursery rhyme that dates back to around 1780: Frère Jacques!

Below here I have the third verse - I then included John and George's background vocals in italics:

It's a thousand pages, give or take a few

         Frèr.................................re........... 

I'll be writing more in a week or two

         Ja..........................cques

I could make it longer if you like the style

            Frèr........................... re................ 

I can change it 'round

         Ja......................

And I wanna be a paperback writer

..........cques...

Here are just the vocals for the song:

According to Google,  ‘Frère Jacques’  is about a lazy Catholic monk who has overslept and is being urged to wake up and sound the bell for early morning Matins prayers.   It is commonly sung in harmony as a round when different phrases in the melody will coincide.

So,  in typical Beatles fashion,  they  (subtley)  snatched it as a part of their own music.

This is the sort of thing I find interesting.

And fun.

I'm sure there are numerous other tunes that would fit this mold of  contemporary tunes with ancient lyrics.  Maybe I'm being biased but I can't see contemporary pop/rock artists doing something like this,  though I'm ready and willing to be proven wrong.  Just please keep the  "contemporary"  song being sung at least 200+ years old - and a bonafide recorded modern hit  (album or single).

All of this because my interest in etymology...and history...

Music has always played such a major role in my life.  If I had a soundtrack to my memories,  you can bet the tunes here in this post would be a part of it,  as would a number of others.  I can't imagine going back in time to tell the writers of these ancient tunes that their music  - their lyrics - would still be popular...well known,  in fact...centuries later.

This is our time - what of the music in our lifetime will survive and be heard long after we're gone?  What of our music will be heard 200+ years from now?  The Beatles,  for certain.  At least, some of their tunes.  Maybe a song or two by Led Zeppelin---Stairway to Heaven and/or Kashmir.  Simon and Garfunkel?  Perhaps their verion of Scarborough Fair,  but probably more as a historical curiosity.  Maybe Bridge Over Troubled Water.  The same with the Byrds and Turn,  Turn,  Turn.    I also believe that albums such as Days of Future Passed by The Moody Blues will be around in 2276,  as will The Beatles Sgt.  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band,  though,  again,  possibly as historical curiosities.

Of course,  none of us know for certain  (though some claim to know based on their own biases---lol).  

But it is interesting to think on.

Music history in my own collection,  click HERE

Christmas music has a wonderful history - you just might be surprised!

Ancient Christmas Music:  Upon A Winter's Eve,  click HERE

'Tis The Season to Troll The Ancient Yuletide Carol  (an update),  click HERE

Troll The Ancient Yuletide Carol,  click HERE

Musical instruments of the past:

Lyre  (u-shaped stringed instrument,  like a small harp,  used to accompany singing and poetry),  lute  (a pear-shaped,  plucked string instrument with a rounded back and fretted neck),  bowed viol  (a fretted string instrument popular during the Renaissance and Baroque eras,  played with a bow and typically held between the legs),  violin,  vihuela  (similar to a small guitar with a rounded  "Ovation-style"  back),  cittern  (similar to a lute),  harp,  the recorder,  and early keyboard instruments like the clavichord.

Since the majority of people during the time this music was written were not rich,  the musical instruments they may have had,  if any,  would have been simple,  homemade,  or inexpensive instruments,  with a focus on woodwinds,  rustic strings,  and percussion.

And a capella vocals.

"Rustic string instruments would have been traditional,  often folk-oriented,  stringed instruments with origins in rural or medieval settings,  characterized by their historical use in folk dances,  storytelling,  and village life.  They are generally distinguished by their simple construction,  often crafted from locally sourced wood,  and include plucked,  bowed,  and hammered instruments that frequently feature drones for accompaniment."
(from Google)

Various string instruments;  mostly from the lute family

The Lyres of Ur  (Oldest Physical Artifacts)

The Lyres of Ur are a group of four of the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments,  dating from around 2550–2450 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.  Discovered in the Royal Cemetery at Ur in the 1920s,  they provide significant insight into the music,  art,  and rituals of the Sumerian civilization. 

The Lyres of Ur are widely considered the oldest surviving stringed instruments found to date.

Sumer is the earliest known civilization,  located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia  (now south-central Iraq).  Ur was a major Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia was known as the  "land between the rivers"  (Tigris and Euphrates),  and was an ancient region in the Middle East,  primarily modern-day Iraq,  recognized as the  "cradle of civilization".  Flourishing from roughly 4000 BC to 331 BC,  it saw the rise of the Sumerian,  Akkadian,  Babylonian,  and Assyrian empires.  Key contributions included the first cities  (Uruk,  Ur),  cuneiform writing,  and advanced law codes.

If you are interested in reading about my own personal music history CD collection of sounds past - Music Through Time:  From the Collection of Ken - click HERE

To learn more about Ancient Farming & Daily Life Practices from the B.C.  Era Through the Early A.D.  Period,  including the period I've written about in today's post,  click HERE.

Until next time,  see you in time.

~-~-~-

Daggett Winter Captures and Stories

Daggett Winter Captures and Stories

I've done winter posts.

I've done Daggett posts.

But I've not done a post solely of Daggett in the winter.

With Daggett being my favorite historical house,  not only inside Greenfield Village,  but pretty much anywhere,  I figure I might as well add to my collection of Daggett postings.

Lots of history here - some repeated,  some newly researched.

Hope you enjoy it~

~ ~ ~

I've had some tell me I'm obsessed with the Daggett House.

You know what?
If that's what you think,  then don't look at my pictures or read my posts,  right?   (you know who you are)~~~
I can think of far worse things to be  "obessed"  with,  though  "obsessed"  is a poor choice of words,  by the way.  I think I'm more enamored  rather than obsessed  ("obsessed implies an intense,  often unhealthy,  and uncontrollable preoccupation with someone or something,  sometimes leading to self-destructive behavior.  Enamored means being charmed or captivated,  characterized by a more positive and sometimes dreamy fascination")

We've been having a heck of a winter season,  this January 2026.  December also had its share of cold weather,  but January has been brutal.  However,  sometimes winter weather can have an air of beauty not seen in other seasons.  For instance,  there's a story about this favorite Daggett winter picture of mine that I actually took a few years back.

My  "over-the-wall"  capture of the Daggett House and the Farris Windmill.
I think it is  "picture perfect"!

It was a wintery day in late December back in 2021,  and I had tickets for Holiday Nights at Greenfield Village.  All day long it snowed,  and I desparately wanted to capture such winter conditions at my favorite house while the snow was a-falling.   According to the weather forecasters,  I knew the storm was supposed to end by the time the Village would begin that evening's festivities...plus,  it would be dark when the gates opened to allow us inside,  and I wanted a particular daytime look.

What to do...what to do...?

Before journeying to the Village,  I posted on Facebook that I was looking for this certain picture,  and could anyone who lived in that area please take it for me.  Unfortunately  (and understandably)  no one accepted my offer.  However...another friend of mine named Ian offered to do a painting rather than a picture of what I wanted.

Well!  That would be different!  Why not?

But,  my wife and I still decided that we should go a few hours earlier and eat at a restaurant near Greenfield Village,  which would give us time to eat and to capture the image I was hoping to get.  So we drove the 21 miles from Eastpointe to Dearborn,  slip-sliding all the way as the snow continued to fall.  It took nearly twice as long to get there as it normally does,  but we made it in plenty of time to make our plan work.  And though it was a little later in the afternoon than I intended - about 4:00 - it was still light enough to take care of business.

When we arrived,  we knew we were not able to get into Greenfield Village just yet - there was still two hours to go before the 6:00 entry...so...where there's a will,  there's a way.  While in my colonial clothing - from my cocked hat past my knee breeches to my buckle leather shoes  (and my snow-covered woolen cloak),  I walked in the snow along the high bricked serpentine wall along the modern road that ran alongside the Village to the far end where,  just on the other side of the wall - only a few yards away - stood my favorite house---the Daggett House.  I could see its roof above the wall.  As an added bonus,  next to the house there was the Farris Windmill.  This added greatly to my original vision.  So,  I reached my camera up over the snow-covered wall,  my arms outstretched as far as they could while I stood on my tippy-toes,  for I am not a tall man,  and snapped away,  hoping I would be able to get what I came for.

I did! 

And the picture you see above is what I came home with---the best winter souvenir I could've hoped for.  My efforts paid off!

As for this picturte below-----

"Small little quick ditty done today.  Ken asked for a winter picture for a blog.  Instead of taking the picture.  I painted it."
I appreciated this so much that I purchased his work and it now hangs in my house!

So...later that same night... my friends Jenny and Amy showed up to Holiday Nights,  and since all three of us were dressed in our winter colonial clothing,  we decided to take advantage of the weather... 

Here I am with Amy & Jenny,  also dressed in their colonial clothing,  walking near a wooded snow-covered pathway off to the side of the Daggett House.  With two of us hanging onto our lit lanterns,  we created quite a period sight!

My wife,  who was dressed modern,  snapped photos of us continuously throughout the evening,  enjoying rural America 250 years earlier.  The candle lanterns added greatly.

Making my way by a lit lantern
Yes,  my  "dogs"  (toes)  were barking,  they were so cold.
I needed to warm them...

On another evening in late December,  though this time in 2017,   I visited Greenfield Village,  again while wearing my colonial clothing during their Holiday Nights event.  My woolen cloak worked very well,  I must say,  for the temperature on this night was very biting cold - down to the single digits - and the wind blew harshly,  but my cloak kept my upper chest area quite warm,  thankfully,  though below my knees was quite cold.  

Upon entering the Daggett home,  I was welcomed by the presenters to warm myself near the great hall hearth.  Coming in from such cold temperatures helped to give me a better understanding of how our ancestors must have felt on such a brutally cold night,  for the heat emanating from the fire at that moment felt as good as any modern forced-air furnace.  My toes in those leather buckle shoes were biting...stinging - they ached like I never felt them ache before - and it took a while for the  "thaw"  to take place,  and once it did,  they,  too,  came back to life,  and the pain began to dull.

This photo was taken from my wife on the bitter night described above.

Everytime I look at this picture,  I remember that night and the biting cold.  Yes,  the warmth of the fire emanated over me as I stood right wear you see me - not too close,  mind you! - and I appreciated it like I never had done before.

Being out in the single digit temps and harsh winds for over four hours in period clothing once again certainly gave me more of an understanding,  appreciation,  and a deeper respect for our ancestors and the way they survived.  I needed wood to chop to warm myself  (lol)!

Well,  so now you've seen how I have dealt with winter in period clothing.  Since we are in the midst of a cold spell here in January as I write this,  I think it's a good time to remember how those from the 18th century,  including the Daggetts,  would have handled it:

the 18th century saw the tail-end of what is now known as  “The Little Ice Age,”  a period lasting from around the years 1300 to the mid-1800s.  It was during this time the world saw much harsher winters than the previous and following centuries,  and many well-documented winter storms capable of dropping three feet of snow over a matter of hours were to be had.

On a bitter cold January morning,  a New England man named Thomas Chaplin wrote,  “The thermometer is down to 20 degrees in the house at eight in the morning,  and everything is frozen hard,  including eggs,  milk,  and ink,  and every piece of crockery that water was left in overnight is cracked.”

He had cracked crocks lol...

In the northern New England colonies,  if the temperature got low enough and remained there for some time,  water in the wells would freeze up,  as it did for Ebenezer Parkman,  who went without water for weeks in 1780:  "Our lowest and best well has been ever since ye great storm,  froze up and filled with snow..."   And Samuel Lane wrote in 1786 that  "after the weather grew cold in winter,  water from the brooks were put into cellars to keep it from freezing for daily use."

Then,  from a diary entry by Anna Green Winslow written in 1772,  "This day Jack Frost bites very hard,  so hard that aunt won't let me go to any school.  My aunt believes this day is 10 degrees colder than it was yesterday;  & moreover,  that she would not put a dog out of doors." 

Harriet Beecher Stowe warned that  “whoever touched a door-latch incautiously in the early morning received a skinning bite from Jack Frost,”  while Harriet Martineau recalled those winter mornings when  “everything you touch seems to blister your fingers with cold.”

There is little doubt the Daggetts had similar experiences,  since they,  too,  lived in New England...in Connecticut.

Here is a photograph taken by my friend,  Ian,  who also painted the picture you saw earlier.
In this picture,  one can feel  the winter wind whipping as the snow swirls.

The following is a dramatization of what a particular day may have been like for the Daggett Family.  I took some of it from:

A Colonial Meal:  A Description by James E.  McWilliams  (taken from the book  "A Revolution in Eating - How the Quest For Food Shaped America")

Though historically accurate,  I greatly modified the original quite a bit to fit the narrative I hoped to present,  including the names:

On a frigid Winter morning in 1775,  Anna Daggett stepped away from her cold root cellar,  and moved into her home where she began to cook at the hearth.   Western Connecticut,  where the Daggett family had lived,  was becoming well known for its open land for pioneer farmers to grow wheat,  barley,  pumpkins and other squash,  green beans,  corn,  apples,  abundant garden vegetables,  and a healthy supply of meat.   And much of that combination,  as it did on most days,  would make up the evening meal.   Anna had started soaking corn kernels at the crack of dawn to soften them for pounding,  an exhausting task made necessary by the little amount needed for the family of five,  rather than use the local gristmill.   She knew that she needed about four cups of cornmeal to feed her husband,  three children,  and herself - not much.   So for the next couple of hours,  Anna and her two daughters,  Asenath and Talitha,  dutifully hunched over a large mortar,  took wooden pestles in hand,  and reduced a tub of white corn kernels into a gritty heap of meal.

Daggett House on a cold January morning.
~Picture taken by Tom Kemper~

Meanwhile,  out in the barn since the wee morning hours,  Samuel Daggett and his son,  Isaiah,  contemplated a decision:  pork or beef?   Colonial farmers primarily slaughtered pigs and cows in late autumn to early winter  (November–December)  to ensure meat didn't spoil,  utilizing the  "blood month"  for processing.  While most butchering was done earlier,  colder,  later winter months like January were often used for remaining stock,  if found to be necessary.  

It wasn't this cold January day,  for what was slaughtered back in the fall was still readily available.  The fact that they even had a choice reflected Sam's preparation as a husbandman.  In those Autumn months of November and December,  when the weather began to cool,  he had slaughtered two piglets and a calf.   The pigs were about seven months old,  the age when their muscle density was low,  fat content high,  and stringy connective tissue still pleasantly soft to the palate.   The calf was around two years old and similarly primed for consumption and preservation.  Slaughtering a piglet was a turbulent task.  It began with a rapid cut to the beast's throat,  followed by a prolonged period of squealing and bloodletting.  The beast was then scalded in a vat of boiling water to loosen its sharp and wiry bristles so they could be easily brushed off.  Samuel would then gather the offal  (the word literally denotes the  "off fall"  after the slaughter)  from the barn floor to make sausage.  He then hacked the corpse into two large chunks,  called flitches,  and placed them aside.  The cow met a similar brutal fate,  but its slaughter took longer,  resulted in a louder and deeper death rattle,  and required greater precision.  Samuel had to not only kill it but also find its joints and dissect it into clean cuts of chucks,  ribs,  loins,  and rounds.  For all the commotion and mess that ensued,  however,  the slaughter was the easy part. 

To have enough to last the winter,  Isaiah and his father managed the more physically taxing jobs of smoking the pork and pickling the beef.  Smoking pork was a procedure dating back to the Middle Ages that sealed in fat and protected freshly cut meat from spoilage.   The two tossed the pork flitches in a large tub of salt,  turning them over repeatedly,  and then hung the coated slabs on metal hooks in order to air them out.   After a day or two,  they hauled the salted pork to the chimney,  which served as a substitute for a smokehouse.   

With the pork hanging in the shaft,  the wood smoke clogged the chimney and slowly coated the meat's surface,  enhancing its flavor while extending its shelf life.  Pickling beef involved submerging the cuts in a brine and vinegar solution that was prepared with salt,  spices,  and saltpeter.   The process took place in large wooden barrels and didn't so much impart flavor as give the acid in the vinegar time to kill the enzymes that decomposed meat.   Sam and Isaiah secured the barrels and rolled them to the corner of the barn,  where they still sat. 

Sadly...the Daggett barn is long gone...

With the girls and Anna still pounding the corn in the kitchen,  and beef and pork frozen solid,  Sam and his son stood in the barn,  considered their inventory,  and made their decision.  Due to the cold weather,  father and son were both thankful no slaughtering need be done this day.  They still had meat well preserved from the fall,  above stairs in the garrett.  They chose beef,  and Isaiah was sent to fetch whatever his mother needed,  for dealing with meat frozen solid during winter typically required several hours to a full day to thaw,  and they relied on methods that utilized the ambient,  cool temperatures of their home rather than modern rapid defrosting.   Frozen solid meat was often moved from the coldest,  unheated storage areas to a slightly warmer,  yet cool,  area of the home,  such as a root cellar,  to thaw slowly over 12–24 hours.  

Smart thinking Sam had prepared for such a dinner meal a day earlier,  and there was some thaw to the beef chosen.  The thawing pork would be for the morrow.

Perhaps this is Talitha helping her mother cook...

After placing three pounds of beef in a warming pan over the kitchen fire,  Anna had her eldest daughter,  Asenath,  who was well-trained in dairy,  quickly fetch some milk and butter,  though milk production was significantly lower in winter due to cold temperatures and limited feed availability.  The young lady had spent the entire morning in the kitchen,  scalding milk pans,  trays,  pots,  and churns in an eighteen-gallon copper pot.   Whatever did not fit into the cauldron had to be cleaned individually.  A colonial dairy had to be pristine.   Any residual milk that dried on the surface of a container or shelf might carry bacteria that would result in not only in a soured product but very possibly in widespread and potentially fatal illness.  Asenath could milk a single cow in about ten minutes.   Out in the barn,  after cleaning her equipment,  she did just that to several of their milk cows.   She allowed the warm milk to cool in a tub and then strained it through a sieve concocted from a hollowed-out wooden bowl covered in a linen towel.   The strained milk rested in earthenware milk trays for a couple hours,  giving the cream a chance to coagulate at the top.   She then skimmed the thick cream with a slotted wooden paddle,  leaving behind the thinner milk that her mother had requested.   

Shut the door!  You are letting the cold air in!
The yoke with a bucket on each end would have been used to carry milk to the house.

With the weather that day on the bitter end of the thermometer,  the churning of the cream into butter took several hours longer rather than only a couple,  as in warmer weather.   Once the butter had formed,  the young lady squeezed out the buttermilk and fed it to the hogs,  a practice that improved the taste of the meat.   As late afternoon set in,  she covered the bottom of a butter dish with salt,  spooned in the thick butter,  patted it down,  and sprinkled the top with another layer of salt.   Asenath then carried a chunk of it over to her mother,  whose cornmeal awaited.

Do you see the butter churn?
For all that needed to be done for this day's meal,  it took a full day.

As Anna warmed the meat and folded the butter and milk into the boiling cornmeal,  Sam sent Isaiah out to the cider house,  a small structure adjacent to the barn,  where they had spent several long Autumn afternoons mashing hundreds of apples gathered from the Daggetts'  orchard into a gloppy pulp of apple meal.  They placed the sweet mass of fruit into the small cider press inside the house.   Sam and his son then proceeded to twist the screw handle and squeeze the pulp as quickly and as tightly as they could,  pressing the frigid apple juice into a small vat.   Though Sam Daggett owned a larger,  what may be considered commercial cider press,  he had his barrels of cider he spent days making sealed and ready for sale or barter,  therefore,  for his family,  pressing enough for a day or two has worked well.  If time allowed,  they may make enough cider to bottle in earthenware jugs and cork them,  which could then be placed in a cool but not freezing area.  Once Isaiah filled an earthenware container for their meal,  it was placed on the table alongside the dried root vegetables that Anna had picked from her garden November last and had been roasted in the wide hearth.

Sweeping the snow off the front stoop.

Placing a jug of cider on a table could have been considered a fairly remarkable thing to do for some folks,  as there were a number of eighteenth-century pioneer families in colonial America that lacked such amenities as even a dining table and chairs.  The Daggetts had both.  Samm was not just a farmer,  but a woodworker as well,  and a plain old jack-of-all-trades:  according to his own notations in his account book,  he  (among other things)...cradled oats,  dug stones,  made  (and sold/bartered)  cider,  reaped and mowed,  leased cattle,  had a loom and sold flannel cloth,  mended carts,  wheels,  and made yokes,  grew and sold tobacco,  built and sold coffins,  framed houses,  sold bushels and pecks of oats,  wheat,  corn,  and flax... They were not rich,  but they were not poor.  Sam Daggett knew the value of  "waste not-want not."

Asenath and Talitha threw a tablecloth over the table,  and,  after Anna pulled a loaf of cornbread from the hearth,  the family carried their chairs to the table.   They may have shared a few wooden and pewter utensils to serve their food into pewter bowls and maybe wooden trenchers.   A prayer of Thanks was bestowed,  then everyone began to eat.   It was an event that would have made Miss Manner's head spin.   The Daggetts ripped the meat off the bone with their dirty hands and shoved it in their mouths.   Food scraps were soon scattered across the table.   Some wilderness families had no forks,  spoons,  or individual cups or tankards,  though the Daggetts did.   The cider was passed upon request to the person who wanted a drink.   No napkins civilized the scene,  as the coarse wool that made the male britches and the dark serge of the girls'  dresses served that purpose just fine,  as did the tablecloth.   

And so,  rapidly and with gusto,  the Daggetts consumed beef,  cornmeal with butter and milk,  corn bread,  carrots,  beans,  and cider.   As the sun quickly descended,  and the long shadows outside stretched across the farm and blended with the darkness,  and as the embers glowing in the hearth turned ashen,  Anna and the girls began to clean.

Anna at the kitchen hearth?

Perhaps,  should there be a reason,  a homemade,  hand-dipped candle might be lit.

The glass from the lantern will allow the candle to glow brighter.

For folks like Samuel Daggett,  his wife,  Anna,  and their three children,  winter preparations would occur year  'round.  Piles of firewood were chopped,  cut,  and stacked throughout the year,  but it was the winter months of January and February that were considered the best time of year for woodcutting,  and the rising of the sun was often accompanied with the sound of an axe as fuel supplies were needed.  Wood chopping had multiple purposes in the wintertime:  it warmed the axeman as he chopped down the tree,  again as he cut the wood of the fallen tree into manageable pieces,  and then warmed him once again as it was burned for fuel.  The men spent long,  hard days in the woods,  sometimes hiring out help to complete such a task.  They would seek out and prepare the specific firewood needed for the many needs.  It would not only be just one variety of wood – depending on the cooking being done:  baking or frying or...there would be different varieties used for cooking food in the hearth,  such as birch,  hickory,  maple,  ash,  beech,  oak,  and elm.  As for the types of wood used for heating the home during the cold months:  given the choice,  they may have chosen oak,  black locust,  and/or maple,  should these tree varieties be accessible.  It was the hardwood that gave off the best and longest-lasting heat.

Corncobs were saved for smaller fires,  or for an extra touch of flavor in hams and bacon smoked over them.  If the fire went out,  flint and steel could spark a new one,  or a child could scamper to a neighbor and bring home a hot coal in a cook pot or a tray of green bark. 

No calling the furnace repair man.

This is how one turns up the furnace in the 1760s!

Sam and Anna keeping the warmth coming...

The clothing our 18th century ancestors wore meant everything...in fact,  their clothing was life-saving,  even while indoors.  Before heading outdoors in the bitter cold,  for there was always work to be done no matter the weather,  Sam Daggett might throw on his heavy woolen cloak over his woolen waistcoat & coat,  his heavy linen shirt,  woolen breeches,  thick wool stockings,  and may have worn a knit cap under his cocked/tricorn or flat-rimmed hat,  and maybe mitts,  all of which helped to keep him warm during the cold winter months.

Yes,  he would certainly would've dressed in layers.

His shoes or boots?
More than likely leather.  Not very warm.

Many of the items he wore would most likely have come from raw wool that Anna or his two daughters first sorted,  washed/scoured,  then picked out the dirt,  dung,  straw,  and other impurities,  hand-carded,  spun into yarn on her spinning wheel,  possibly may have dyed with natural dyes,  then knitted or possibly wove on their loom.  If the wool or linen was woven on the loom it might've then had been taken to the fulling mill,  where the cloth was cleansed to eliminate oils,  dirt, and other impurities,  and making it thicker.

Then  made into clothing.

And Sam would have been pleased to have such items to wear.

You know,  you might like to read THIS POST I put together about the complete process.  It will give a greater understanding of all the colonial family did for something we can get cheaply and take for granted. 

The snow was actually coming down harder than what this picture shows.

As I moved across the Village in the whirlwind of snow nack to my favorite house,  there was Gigi in the doorway!

"I was wondering who that crazy colonial-dressed person was out there in the snow taking pictures!"  is how she actually greeted me.

"Come on in!"

But in another time over 250 years ago:
"Welcome!
God bless me!  I hardly recognized you!"

Women’s 18th-century winter clothing relied on heavy,  insulating layers,  primarily using wool for petticoats,  gowns,  stockings,  and hooded cloaks.  

Winter wear clothing all had to be altered and repaired after being stored away for the summer months,  while new items had to be made to replace those worn beyond repair.

Anne Eliza Clark thanked her mother for the yarn mitts,  which were of  “great service to me when I sweep my chamber and make my bed.”  Mittens were commonly worn inside as well as outside because,  in many cases,  there was little difference in the temperature.

Methinks in comparison,  most of us here in the 21st century may be doing fairly well.  

Keep in mind that during the time Sam and Anna and their three kids lived in this house in the last half of the 1700s,  it was in a time before video games,  home computers or cell phones,  internet,  Facebook,  Instagram,  Twitter  (X),  You Tube,  Tic Toc,  I-Tunes,  Amazon,  or streaming services.  And no automobiles,  TVs,  movies,  radios,  or even photographs.  And if one runs out of food,  there was no local Circle K or CVS party store at a moment’s drive from their front door by a motorized  (and warmed up,  pre-started)  vehicle,  even in horrible winter weather.  Such modernisms simply were non-existent.

Until next time,  see you in time...

I've written numerous informational blog posts about the Daggett House

HERE's the first one

Learn about this circa 1750 house,  its rooms,  and even a bit on the family who lived there. 

HERE's the second one

This post concentrates more on the everyday life of the 18th century Daggett family,  and how they lived seasonally,  including ledger entries written by Samuel Daggett himself.   It is a month-to-month post.

HERE's the third one

This post speaks on Sam Daggett's House's history before it was brought to Greenfield Village,  including plenty of photos taken from the location where it originally stood.  Included are interior shots from when it was somewhat modernized in the mid-20th century,  and a few video clips of when and how it was brought to Greenfield Village.

and HERE's a fun fourth post about the Daggett House,  centering on the well-sweep

The spirit of Samuel Daggett lives on:  this post shows presenter Roy making a Colonial well sweep in the same manner that Samuel Daggett would have done back in his day,  by way of a shave horse and draw knife.  Roy also made new firepit poles in the same manner.

So now,  with today's post,  we have a fifth.  I plan to continuously update and add to it,  like I do the others.

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